Trusted proxy auth

Security-sensitive feature. This mode delegates authentication entirely to your reverse proxy. Misconfiguration can expose your Gateway to unauthorized access. Read this page carefully before enabling.

When to use

You run OpenClaw behind an identity-aware proxy (Pomerium, Caddy + OAuth, nginx + oauth2-proxy, Traefik + forward auth).
Your proxy handles all authentication and passes user identity via headers.
You’re in a Kubernetes or container environment where the proxy is the only path to the Gateway.
You’re hitting WebSocket 1008 unauthorized errors because browsers can’t pass tokens in WS payloads.

When NOT to use

Your proxy doesn’t authenticate users (just a TLS terminator or load balancer).
There’s any path to the Gateway that bypasses the proxy (firewall holes, internal network access).
You’re unsure whether your proxy correctly strips/overwrites forwarded headers.
You only need personal single-user access (consider Tailscale Serve + loopback instead).

How it works

Proxy authenticates the user

Your reverse proxy authenticates users (OAuth, OIDC, SAML, etc.).

Proxy adds an identity header

Proxy adds a header with the authenticated user identity (e.g., x-forwarded-user: nick@example.com).

Gateway verifies trusted source

OpenClaw checks that the request came from a trusted proxy IP (gateway.trustedProxies) and is not the Gateway’s own loopback or local interface address.

Gateway extracts identity

OpenClaw reads the required headers, then the user identity from the configured header.

Authorize

If everything checks out, and the user passes allowUsers (when set), the request is authorized.

Configuration

{
  gateway: {
    // Trusted-proxy auth expects the proxy's source IP to be non-loopback by default
    bind: "lan",

    // CRITICAL: Only add your proxy's IP(s) here
    trustedProxies: ["10.0.0.1", "172.17.0.1"],

    auth: {
      mode: "trusted-proxy",
      trustedProxy: {
        // Header containing authenticated user identity (required)
        userHeader: "x-forwarded-user",

        // Optional: headers that MUST be present (proxy verification)
        requiredHeaders: ["x-forwarded-proto", "x-forwarded-host"],

        // Optional: restrict to specific users (empty = allow all)
        allowUsers: ["nick@example.com", "admin@company.org"],

        // Optional: allow a same-host loopback proxy after explicit opt-in
        allowLoopback: false,
      },
    },
  },
}

Runtime rules, in order of evaluation

The request’s source IP must match gateway.trustedProxies (CIDR-aware), or it is rejected (trusted_proxy_untrusted_source).
Loopback-source requests (127.0.0.1, ::1) are rejected unless gateway.auth.trustedProxy.allowLoopback = true and the loopback address is also in trustedProxies (trusted_proxy_loopback_source). This check runs before header checks, so a loopback source fails this way even if required headers are also missing.
Non-loopback sources that match one of the Gateway host’s own local network interface addresses are rejected as a spoofing guard (trusted_proxy_local_interface_source). If interface discovery itself fails, the request is rejected too (trusted_proxy_local_interface_check_failed).
requiredHeaders and userHeader must be present and non-blank.
allowUsers, if non-empty, must include the extracted user.

Forwarded-header evidence overrides loopback locality for local-direct fallback. If a request arrives on loopback but carries a Forwarded, any X-Forwarded-*, or X-Real-IP header, that evidence disqualifies it from local-direct password fallback and device-identity gating, even though it still fails trusted-proxy auth as loopback.allowLoopback trusts local processes on the Gateway host to the same degree as the reverse proxy. Enable it only when the Gateway is still firewalled from direct remote access and the local proxy strips or overwrites client-supplied identity headers.Internal Gateway clients that do not travel through the reverse proxy should use gateway.auth.password / OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PASSWORD, not trusted-proxy identity headers. Non-loopback Control UI deployments still need explicit gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins.

Configuration reference

gateway.trustedProxies

string[]

required

Array of proxy IP addresses (or CIDRs) to trust. Requests from other IPs are rejected.

gateway.auth.mode

string

required

Must be "trusted-proxy".

gateway.auth.trustedProxy.userHeader

string

required

Header name containing the authenticated user identity.

gateway.auth.trustedProxy.requiredHeaders

string[]

Additional headers that must be present for the request to be trusted.

gateway.auth.trustedProxy.allowUsers

string[]

Allowlist of user identities. Empty means allow all authenticated users.

gateway.auth.trustedProxy.allowLoopback

boolean

default:"false"

Opt-in support for same-host loopback reverse proxies.

Only enable allowLoopback when the local reverse proxy is the intended trust boundary. Any local process that can connect to the Gateway can try to send proxy identity headers, so keep direct Gateway access private to the host and require proxy-owned headers such as x-forwarded-proto, or a signed assertion header where your proxy supports one.

Control UI pairing behavior

When gateway.auth.mode = "trusted-proxy" is active and the request passes trusted-proxy checks, Control UI WebSocket sessions can connect without device pairing identity. Scope implications:

Device-less Control UI WebSocket sessions connect but receive no operator scopes by default. OpenClaw clears the requested scope list to [] so a session not bound to an approved paired device/token cannot self-declare permissions.
If methods fail with missing scope after a successful WebSocket connect, use HTTPS so the browser can generate device identity and complete pairing. See Control UI insecure HTTP.
Break-glass only: gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyDisableDeviceAuth=true preserves requested scopes even without device identity. This is a severe security downgrade; revert quickly. See Control UI insecure HTTP.

Reverse-proxy scope capping: if your proxy sends x-openclaw-scopes on the Control UI WebSocket upgrade request, OpenClaw caps the session scopes to the intersection of the requested scopes and the declared scopes. This header does not grant scopes; it only narrows what the session can hold. Implications:

Pairing is no longer the primary gate for Control UI access in this mode.
Your reverse proxy auth policy and allowUsers become the effective access control.
Keep gateway ingress locked to trusted proxy IPs only (gateway.trustedProxies + firewall).

Custom WebSocket clients are not Control UI sessions. gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyDisableDeviceAuth does not grant scopes to arbitrary client.mode: "backend" or CLI-shaped clients. Custom automation should use device identity/pairing, the reserved direct-local client.id: "gateway-client" backend helper path, or the admin HTTP RPC plugin when an HTTP request/response surface is a better fit.

Operator scopes header

Trusted-proxy auth is an identity-bearing HTTP mode, so callers may optionally declare operator scopes with x-openclaw-scopes on HTTP API requests. Note: WebSocket scopes are determined by the Gateway protocol handshake and device identity binding. On Control UI WebSocket upgrade requests, x-openclaw-scopes is only a cap on the negotiated session scopes, not a grant. See Control UI pairing behavior. Examples:

x-openclaw-scopes: operator.read
x-openclaw-scopes: operator.read,operator.write
x-openclaw-scopes: operator.admin,operator.write

Behavior:

When the header is present, OpenClaw honors the declared scope set.
When the header is present but empty, the request declares no operator scopes.
When the header is absent, normal identity-bearing HTTP APIs fall back to the standard operator default scope set (operator.admin, operator.read, operator.write, operator.approvals, operator.pairing, operator.talk.secrets).
Gateway-auth plugin HTTP routes are narrower by default: when x-openclaw-scopes is absent, their runtime scope falls back to operator.write only.
Browser-origin HTTP requests still have to pass gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins (or deliberate Host-header fallback mode) even after trusted-proxy auth succeeds.

Practical rule: send x-openclaw-scopes explicitly when you want a trusted-proxy request to be narrower than the defaults, or when a gateway-auth plugin route needs something stronger than write scope.

TLS termination and HSTS

Use one TLS termination point and apply HSTS there.

Proxy TLS termination (recommended)
Gateway TLS termination

When your reverse proxy handles HTTPS for https://control.example.com, set Strict-Transport-Security at the proxy for that domain.

Good fit for internet-facing deployments.
Keeps certificate + HTTP hardening policy in one place.
OpenClaw can stay on loopback HTTP behind the proxy.

Example header value:

Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains

If OpenClaw itself serves HTTPS directly (no TLS-terminating proxy), set:

{
  gateway: {
    tls: { enabled: true },
    http: {
      securityHeaders: {
        strictTransportSecurity: "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains",
      },
    },
  },
}

strictTransportSecurity accepts a string header value, or false to disable explicitly.

Rollout guidance

Start with a short max age first (for example max-age=300) while validating traffic.
Increase to long-lived values (for example max-age=31536000) only after confidence is high.
Add includeSubDomains only if every subdomain is HTTPS-ready.
Use preload only if you intentionally meet preload requirements for your full domain set.
Loopback-only local development does not benefit from HSTS.

Proxy setup examples

Pomerium

Pomerium passes identity in x-pomerium-claim-email (or other claim headers) and a JWT in x-pomerium-jwt-assertion.

{
  gateway: {
    bind: "lan",
    trustedProxies: ["10.0.0.1"], // Pomerium's IP
    auth: {
      mode: "trusted-proxy",
      trustedProxy: {
        userHeader: "x-pomerium-claim-email",
        requiredHeaders: ["x-pomerium-jwt-assertion"],
      },
    },
  },
}

Pomerium config snippet:

routes:
  - from: https://openclaw.example.com
    to: http://openclaw-gateway:18789
    policy:
      - allow:
          or:
            - email:
                is: nick@example.com
    pass_identity_headers: true

Caddy with OAuth

Caddy with the caddy-security plugin can authenticate users and pass identity headers.

{
  gateway: {
    bind: "lan",
    trustedProxies: ["10.0.0.1"], // Caddy/sidecar proxy IP
    auth: {
      mode: "trusted-proxy",
      trustedProxy: {
        userHeader: "x-forwarded-user",
      },
    },
  },
}

Caddyfile snippet:

openclaw.example.com {
    authenticate with oauth2_provider
    authorize with policy1

    reverse_proxy openclaw:18789 {
        header_up X-Forwarded-User {http.auth.user.email}
    }
}

nginx + oauth2-proxy

oauth2-proxy authenticates users and passes identity in x-auth-request-email.

{
  gateway: {
    bind: "lan",
    trustedProxies: ["10.0.0.1"], // nginx/oauth2-proxy IP
    auth: {
      mode: "trusted-proxy",
      trustedProxy: {
        userHeader: "x-auth-request-email",
      },
    },
  },
}

nginx config snippet:

location / {
    auth_request /oauth2/auth;
    auth_request_set $user $upstream_http_x_auth_request_email;

    proxy_pass http://openclaw:18789;
    proxy_set_header X-Auth-Request-Email $user;
    proxy_http_version 1.1;
    proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
    proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
}

Traefik with forward auth

{
  gateway: {
    bind: "lan",
    trustedProxies: ["172.17.0.1"], // Traefik container IP
    auth: {
      mode: "trusted-proxy",
      trustedProxy: {
        userHeader: "x-forwarded-user",
      },
    },
  },
}

Mixed token configuration

Gateway startup rejects trusted-proxy auth if a shared token is also configured (gateway.auth.token or OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN). The two are mutually exclusive because a shared token would let same-host callers authenticate on a completely different path than the proxy-verified identity this mode is meant to enforce. If startup fails with an error like gateway auth mode is trusted-proxy, but a shared token is also configured:

Remove the shared token when using trusted-proxy mode, or
Switch gateway.auth.mode to "token" if you intend token-based auth.

Loopback trusted-proxy identity headers still fail closed: same-host callers are not silently authenticated as proxy users. Internal OpenClaw callers that bypass the proxy may authenticate with gateway.auth.password / OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PASSWORD instead. Token fallback remains intentionally unsupported in trusted-proxy mode.

Security checklist

Before enabling trusted-proxy auth, verify:

Proxy is the only path: The Gateway port is firewalled from everything except your proxy.
trustedProxies is minimal: Only your actual proxy IPs, not entire subnets.
Loopback proxy source is deliberate: trusted-proxy auth fails closed for loopback-source requests unless gateway.auth.trustedProxy.allowLoopback is explicitly enabled for a same-host proxy.
Proxy strips headers: Your proxy overwrites (not appends) x-forwarded-* headers from clients.
TLS termination: Your proxy handles TLS; users connect via HTTPS.
allowedOrigins is explicit: Non-loopback Control UI uses explicit gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins.
allowUsers is set (recommended): Restrict to known users rather than allowing anyone authenticated.
No mixed token config: Do not set both gateway.auth.token and gateway.auth.mode: "trusted-proxy".
Local password fallback is private: If you configure gateway.auth.password for internal direct callers, keep the Gateway port firewalled so non-proxy remote clients cannot reach it directly.

Security audit

openclaw security audit flags trusted-proxy auth with a critical severity finding. This is intentional; it’s a reminder that you’re delegating security to your proxy setup. The audit checks for:

Base gateway.trusted_proxy_auth warning/critical reminder.
Missing trustedProxies configuration.
Missing userHeader configuration.
Empty allowUsers (allows any authenticated user).
Enabled allowLoopback for same-host proxy sources.

Separate, non-trusted-proxy-specific findings also apply whenever Control UI is exposed: wildcard or missing gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins, and Host-header origin fallback.

Troubleshooting

trusted_proxy_untrusted_source

The request didn’t come from an IP in gateway.trustedProxies. Check:

Is the proxy IP correct? (Docker container IPs can change.)
Is there a load balancer in front of your proxy?
Use docker inspect or kubectl get pods -o wide to find actual IPs.

trusted_proxy_loopback_source

OpenClaw rejected a loopback-source trusted-proxy request.Check:

Is the proxy connecting from 127.0.0.1 / ::1?
Are you trying to use trusted-proxy auth with a same-host loopback reverse proxy?

Fix:

Prefer token/password auth for internal same-host clients that do not go through the proxy, or
Route through a non-loopback trusted proxy address and keep that IP in gateway.trustedProxies, or
For a deliberate same-host reverse proxy, set gateway.auth.trustedProxy.allowLoopback = true, keep the loopback address in gateway.trustedProxies, and make sure the proxy strips or overwrites identity headers.

trusted_proxy_local_interface_source / trusted_proxy_local_interface_check_failed

The request’s source IP matched one of the Gateway host’s own non-loopback network interface addresses (not the proxy), a guard against spoofed same-host traffic on tailnets or Docker bridge networks. ..._check_failed means interface discovery itself errored, so OpenClaw fails closed.Check:

Is a process on the Gateway host itself sending identity headers directly, bypassing the proxy?
Does the proxy run in the same network namespace as the Gateway, with an IP that also shows up as a local interface?

Fix: route proxy traffic through an address that is not also bound locally by the Gateway host, or use allowLoopback only for a genuine same-host proxy setup.

trusted_proxy_user_missing

The user header was empty or missing. Check:

Is your proxy configured to pass identity headers?
Is the header name correct? (case-insensitive, but spelling matters)
Is the user actually authenticated at the proxy?

trusted_proxy_missing_header_*

A required header wasn’t present. Check:

Your proxy configuration for those specific headers.
Whether headers are being stripped somewhere in the chain.

trusted_proxy_user_not_allowed

The user is authenticated but not in allowUsers. Either add them or remove the allowlist.

trusted_proxy_no_proxies_configured / trusted_proxy_config_missing

gateway.auth.mode is "trusted-proxy" but gateway.trustedProxies is empty, or gateway.auth.trustedProxy itself is missing. Every request is rejected until both are set.

trusted_proxy_origin_not_allowed

Trusted-proxy auth succeeded, but the browser Origin header did not pass Control UI origin checks.Check:

gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins includes the exact browser origin.
You are not relying on wildcard origins unless you intentionally want allow-all behavior.
If you intentionally use Host-header fallback mode, gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyAllowHostHeaderOriginFallback=true is set deliberately.

Connection succeeds but methods report missing scope

The WebSocket connects, but chat.history, sessions.list, or models.list fails with missing scope: operator.read.Common causes:

Device-less Control UI session: trusted-proxy auth can admit the WebSocket connection without device identity, but OpenClaw clears scopes on device-less sessions by design.
Custom backend client: gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyDisableDeviceAuth is Control UI scoped and does not grant scopes to arbitrary backend or CLI-shaped WebSocket clients.
Overly narrow x-openclaw-scopes: if your proxy injects this header on the Control UI WebSocket upgrade request, the session scopes are capped to that set. An empty header value yields no scopes.

Fix:

For Control UI, use HTTPS so the browser can generate device identity and complete pairing.
For custom automation, use device identity/pairing, the reserved direct-local gateway-client backend helper path, or admin HTTP RPC.
Use gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyDisableDeviceAuth: true only as a temporary Control UI break-glass path.

WebSocket still failing

Make sure your proxy:

Supports WebSocket upgrades (Upgrade: websocket, Connection: upgrade).
Passes the identity headers on WebSocket upgrade requests (not just HTTP).
Doesn’t have a separate auth path for WebSocket connections.

Migration from token auth

Configure the proxy

Configure your proxy to authenticate users and pass headers.

Test the proxy independently

Test the proxy setup independently (curl with headers).

Update OpenClaw config

Update OpenClaw config with trusted-proxy auth.

Restart the Gateway

Restart the Gateway.

Test WebSocket

Test WebSocket connections from the Control UI.

Audit

Run openclaw security audit and review findings.

Configuration — config reference
Operator scopes — roles, scopes, and approval checks
Remote access — other remote access patterns
Security — full security guide
Tailscale — simpler alternative for tailnet-only access

​When to use

​When NOT to use

​How it works

​Configuration

​Configuration reference

​Control UI pairing behavior

​Operator scopes header

​TLS termination and HSTS

​Rollout guidance

​Proxy setup examples

​Mixed token configuration

​Security checklist

​Security audit

​Troubleshooting

​Migration from token auth

​Related

When to use

When NOT to use

How it works

Configuration

Configuration reference

Control UI pairing behavior

Operator scopes header

TLS termination and HSTS

Rollout guidance

Proxy setup examples

Mixed token configuration

Security checklist

Security audit

Troubleshooting

Migration from token auth

Related